2012考研英语翻译解析

最近经常有人问我，有没有2012考研英语翻译的真题和答案及解析，下面，就给大家带来一份2012考研英语翻译的真题和答案及解析。好了，话不多说，直接上干货：

第一段

Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise.In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.

第二段

①In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.

第三段

This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too.②Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features.③To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.

第四段

That,at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check.Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.

第五段

The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar.A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.

第六段

④ The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

第七段

Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.⑤Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.

翻译：

第一段：自亚里士多德时代起，寻求普遍法则一直是科学事业的特点。从某些方面而言，这种对普遍性的追求定义了科学。牛顿运动定律和达尔文进化论都分别将多种不同现象囊括进单一的解释框架。

第二段：①在物理学领域，一种做法把这种寻求大同理论的冲动推向极端，试图寻找包含一切的理论——-一个涵括我们所看到的一切的生成性公式。然而，鉴于这样一种理论可能涵盖的规模和领域，它能否算是一种简化就变得不那么清楚了。尽管如此，将多样性统一化依然是一个主要目标。

第三段：自然科学的这种趋势在社会科学领域也一直很明显。②这里，达尔文学说似乎做出了证明，因为如果人类有着共同的起源，那么似乎就有理由认为文化的多样性也可以追溯到更为有限的起源。正如人类各种令人眼花缭乱的示爱仪式都可能被看作性选择的形式，世界上的语言、音乐、社会宗教习俗，甚至历史，也可能受普遍性制约。③从共有特征中滤出独有特征，这使我们得以理解复杂的文化行为是如何产生的，并从进化或认知角度理解什么引导了它的走向。

第四段：至少，那是希望。但是，今天在线发布的一项语言学特征的比较研究提供了一次现实核查的机会。奥克兰大学的罗素·格雷及其同事基于以前两次寻找语言普遍性的努力来考查语法的演化。

第五段：在这些寻找语言普遍性的努力中，最著名的一次由诺姆·乔姆斯基做出。他认为人类与生俱来就具有一种支配普遍语法的先天性语言习得能力。少量的生成规则就足以诠释一门语言全部的基本结构，这就是儿童为何能快速学会语言的原因。

第六段：④第二次努力——由乔舒亚·格林堡做出——采用更为经验主义的方法来研究语言的普遍性，确定了多种语言(尤其在语法词序方面)的共有特征，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制产生的倾向。

第七段：格雷及其同事通过考查4个语言谱系，共涉及2000多门语言，来检测上述两种理论。⑤乔姆斯基的语法应该显示出语言变化的模式，这些模式并不受语言谱系或贯穿谱系路径的影响；而格林堡式的普遍性则预言了特定的语法词序关系类型之间所存在的紧密互依性。两种理论模式均未通过此分析得以证实，表明语言的结构具有种系特异性，而不受普遍性所支配。

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